v0 builds on shadcn/ui. Those components/ui/* files are not a package, they are source files that shadcn copies into your project. v0 has them in its sandbox, your repo doesn't.
Fix, in your project root:
npx shadcn@latest init
npx shadcn@latest add card button badgeinit creates components.json, lib/utils.ts (the cn() helper) and adds the CSS variables to globals.css. Then add drops card.tsx etc. into components/ui/.
Easier alternative: v0 shows an npx shadcn add "https://v0.dev/chat/b/..." command under the Add to Codebase button. That one pulls the component and all its ui dependencies in one go.
Also check tsconfig.json has "paths": { "@/*": ["./*"] }, otherwise the @/ alias won't resolve either.